Transmission Routes

There are several ways in which someone can become infected with HIV. These
transmission routes are well defined.
HIV infection can be transmitted through:

• Unprotected sexual intercourse with an infected partner;
• Injection or transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products (infection through artificial insemination, skin grafts and organ transplants is also possible);
• sharing unsterilized injection equipment that has been previously used by someone who is infected;
• Maternofetal transmission (during pregnancy, at birth, and through breastfeeding).

Occupational infections of healthcare or laboratory workers may occur; however, a
1995 study estimated that although 600,000 to 800,000 needlestick injuries occurred
among healthcare workers every year in the USA, occupational infection
was not frequent. The risk of occupational HIV transmission from contaminated
needles to healthcare workers was found to be 0.3 % in case series performed prior
to the availability of potent ART.

There are sometimes concerns that there may be alternative routes of HIV transmission.
It must be explicitly stated that HIV is NOT transmitted by mosquitoes, flies,
fleas, bees, or wasps. HIV is NOT transmitted through casual every day contact. No
case of HIV infection has been documented to arise from contact with non-bloody
saliva or tears. Since HIV is not transmitted by saliva, it is not possible to contract it
through sharing a glass, a fork, a sandwich, or fruit (Friedland 1986, Castro 1988,
Fried land 1990). In the opinion of leading experts, exposure of intact skin to HIV contaminated
body fluids (e.g. blood) is not sufficient to transfer the virus.

There are several ways in which someone can become infected with HIV. These transmission routes are well defined. HIV infection can be transmitted through:

• unprotected sexual intercourse with an infected partner;
• injection or transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products (infectionthrough artificial insemination, skin grafts and organ transplants is also possible)
• sharing unsterilized injection equipment that has been previously used by someone who is infected
• maternofetal transmission (during pregnancy, at birth, and through breastfeeding).

Occupational infections of healthcare or laboratory workers may occur; however, a 1995 study estimated that although 600,000 to 800,000 needlestick injuries occurred among healthcare workers every year in the USA, occupational infection
was not frequent. The risk of occupational HIV transmission from contaminated needles to healthcare workers was found to be 0.3 % in case series performed prior to the availability of potent ART. 24 Introduction
There are sometimes concerns that there may be alternative routes of HIV transmission.

It must be explicitly stated that HIV is NOT transmitted by mosquitoes, flies, fleas, bees, or wasps. HIV is NOT transmitted through casual every day contact.

No case of HIV infection has been documented to arise from contact with non-bloody saliva or tears. Since HIV is not transmitted by saliva, it is not possible to contract it through sharing a glass, a fork, a sandwich, or fruit (Friedland 1986, Castro 1988,
Friedland 1990). In the opinion of leading experts, exposure of intact skin to HIV contaminated
body fluids (e.g. blood) is not sufficient to transfer the virus.

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